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| Venezuela Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see El Salto Angel El Salto Angel Is Johnson Venezuela is located on the Caribbean coast of South America. It borders with Guyana , Brazil , and Colombia .Venezuela has produced more winners of the Miss Universe per capita than any other country; the statistical proof that the country has many beautiful women. But of course the country has a lot more to offer. The capital city of Caracas is a busy place and there are always things going on there. You shouldn't miss out on it. The beach resort of Margarita island is popular with people looking for a place to relax and get a tan. Angel Falls are one of the most spectacular natural wonders in the world. If you think Niagara is great you should really go here. The city of Maracaibo , an oil boom town, in the west of the country has good things to offer to the tourist too. A 160km to the West of Caracas and situated in the center of Venezuela is Valencia is the second largest city and the country's fastest growing economy. __________History Edit This photo National Escutcheon The first aboriginals are believed to have reached what is today Venezuela 1500 years ago - and the three main Indian influences are the Caribs from the Orinoco basin (credited with the invention of the hammock), the Arawaks from the Amazon and the Otomaks. These nomadic peoples relied on hunting for their livelihood because of the difficulties involved with agriculture. The coastal area where Columbus landed in 1498, on his third voyage to the Americas was then inhabited by tribes of Carib and Arawak Indians, whose houses thatched with palm fronds and built on stilts over the water were vaguely reminiscent of Venice - and so the name Venezuela, or 'little Venice'. The first of the conquistadors was Diego de Ordaz, who landed in 1531, but neither he nor subsequent expeditions managed at first to establish permanent settlements because of the fierce resistance put up by the Indians, whose last uprising (led by chief Chiparapa) was put down in 1652. The first fort was at Cumaná, founded in 1650 by Aragon monks and French Jesuits, but the capital was later established at Coro; Caracas was only founded in 1567, in the hills above the port of La Guaira, and the capital transferred there in 1576. The main method of conquest thereafter was through missionary zeal. Venezuela was Spain's most successful agricultural colony, first with cacao and then, towards the end of the 18th century, coffee. The battles for Independence were fought between 1749 and 1830, during which Simón Bolívar became a national hero and built his dream of Gran Colombia (from what is today Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, northern Peru and Venezuela), only to have it broken again in 1830, when General Paez declared Venezuela a republic. Much of the decay in the old colonial forts took place after this time, as they were considered anti-republican. Further growth was slow until 1914, when oil was discovered near Maracaibo. This transformed the economy, and today Venezuela is the third largest producer in OPEC, with particularly large reserves of heavy bitumen in the south-eastern Orinoco belt. The extra revenue meant that the road system could be developed to become the envy of South America, and Caracas and other central cities virtually rebuilt. After a string of dictators, democracy was established in 1958 and has continued to the present day with elections every five years. The dependence on oil revenues has meant that other sectors such as agriculture and tourism have been under-developed and with the late 1970's fall in oil prices inflation has risen somewhat from the previous 10% levels, as successive governments realised they must diversify. The discovery of very rich iron ore deposits (more than 60%), as well as gold, diamonds and nickel, has meant that the mining sector has been the most buoyant part of the economy since about 1984. There was an attempted coup d'état in February 1992, and again later in the year, when some members of the parachute regiment tried unsuccessfully to oust the president, Carlos Andrés Pérez. While he was undoubtedly unpopular at the time, public and international opinion was outraged and the net result has been to continue the necessary austerity measures, but with more attention to the feelings of the people! In May 1993 the High Court ruled that the President could be tried on corruption charges (misuse of a secret Government fund), and Pérez was suspended from office until his position could be clarified, and the correct constitutional procedure decided to fill the gap until Presidential elections in December 1993. In a way he brought this on himself by his appointment of non-political judges in a policy of more openness. Congress appointed Ramón Velásquez as interim president until the next elections, in December 1993, when Dr Rafael Caldera was elected president. After that, despite the so far successful attempts by other South American countries (such as Brazil and Argentina) to control inflation, the economy has entered a severe recession and annual inflation has increased. Several banks collapsed and foreign investors have shown little interest. _________Practical Information Edit This Airlines and Continental Airlines both fly to Caracas but offer no direct flights to Venezuela's Margarita Island for now. Plans are already under way to make direct flights available. They have flights from most major cities and flights route through Miami International to Caracas with connection into Margarita. Airport Passenger Assistance: [empty] Entry Requirements - To enter Venezuela, a valid passport from the country of origin is required, along with a visa - obtainable from consulates-, a tourist card, and a return ticket. No special vaccinations are required, although those traveling to the jungle should consult their physician as to whether or not they need protection from yellow fever and maleria. Electricity: The electric system of the island works with 110 watts with 60 cycles. There are some 220 plugs available, but you should always check at your hotel's front desk. Water: Running water flows constantly, since a giant pipe comes from the mainland plant. Bottled water, domestic and imported, is available in supermarkets, marts, hotels and restaurants. Sun protection: Venezuela is located just 8 degrees above the Equator. The sun here is very direct and protection is recommended when planning to spend long periods of time outdoors. A hat, or a visor, is also recommended. Weather Temperatures: Not much rain at all if any and the wind has picked up enough that it is a very enjoyable breeze during the day and cooler at night. We just got through about 4 Months of rain on and off during the months of November til about the beginning of March. Great beautiful sunny warm days ahead from here on out. Schedules: Stores are open regularly Monday through Saturday, from 9:30 am to 1:00 pm then re-open at 3:00 pm til about 8 pm. Many shops and stores have siesta time... very few stores are open all the time or "corrido" as they call it. They mostly close for 2 hours a day everyday. During peak seasons, some big stores stay open until midnight. Bank offices open Monday through Friday, from 8:30 am to 3:30 pm, and on Saturday from 10 am to 3 pm. Tourist Information: [empty] Security: Nothing like a Venezuelan to make you feel at home! Local citizens are social by nature. There is a police force which guards the security of the area. However, you know you shouldn't leave your personal belongings unattended, there is in general some significant level of insecurity, but it will deppends a lot of the specific places you visit. Money Related Information: The official currency in Venezuela is the Bolívar. There is in Venezuela a exchange control to protect the local currency. As of December 2006 the Bolívar exchange official rate is at 2,150 per US dollar. American Dollars are widely accepted in hotels, restaurants, shops and tourist facilities, however, most retailer do not provide a competitive exchange rate. You can also use your travel checks and ATM cards (to withdraw money from the machines). There are many money exchange offices and several banks offering conversion of dollars and traveler's checks. Of course, all transactions with credit cards or ATM machines will be at the official rate. Some ATM rules for foreigners in Venezuela are: 1. You will have to be lightening fast on entering the information or the system will time out; 2. Sometimes you have to select "Credit Card" even if you have a debit card or other; 3. Don't take too much cash at a time. In some machines this is limited to 200,000 Bolívares per transaction. You will need to use the machine a few times to get the cash; 4. If the machine asks you for the last two digits or the first two digits of your personal identification, just type in any two digits; 5. Remember some machines could not work with your card. Try another bank if this happens; 6. Surcharges for electronic services/transactions could be expensive, take care of it; 7. Notify your Bank in advance that you plan on using your ATM card in Venezuela while you are on vacation. If your bank sees activity on your account they 'may' put a hold on your transactions. All major credit cards (Visa, Master Card, American Express, Diner's Club...) are accepted widely in hotels, restaurants, stores and everywhere. You will be asked to show a picture ID when purchasing with them, so remember to carry it with you. Maybe the best option is to bring all your cash in US Dollars and exchange it on the black market. There are plenty of shady money changers in airports, ask the hotel or guest house where you are staying the most convenient place to go to exchange your money, just be careful with unknow people as in any other place in the world. If you have friends or known people in Venezuela, it is a lot better to ask them for somebody interested in exchange your money because it is not difficult to find people who wants to get some USD's in cash for their personal usage. The rates you get for one US dollar: - Official exchange rate: 2,150 (banks, ATM's, POS, Currency Exchange Office) remember about surcharges; - Cash on the black market: 2,300 to 3,000 (it varies a lot, deppends on amounts, demmand of season, political situation or places, rates of shady money changers in airports use to be lower). If you get 2,500 instead of 2,100 for a dollar, you will have about 20% more spending power. Driving in Venezuela - The maximum velocity in most Venezuelan roads is 80kph (55mph), but speed limits are not enforced. Although most highways are in good condition, roads in the countryside may have potholes which can be unsafe at high speeds. Also, farm animals and wildlife cross roads frequently in these parts-- drive with caution. Venezuelans are known to make their own rules when they get behind the wheel. Most drivers consider the symbolic references of traffic lights as mere suggestions-- so be careful when crossing an intersection, even when your light is green! Always use taxis belonging to a legitimate Taxi company. PLEASE >>> Do not accept rides from people in unmarked vehicles using their cars as a taxi just to be on the safe side. Be care with cab fares, in general they will inflate prices as soon as they note you are a tourist. Remember to drive on the right-hand side of the road. The rule of thumb is that the right-of-way belongs to whoever gets their vehicle's 'nose' out in the intersection first. Don't be afraid to rent a car while you are on vacation in Venezuela. The roads are clean and clear and there are gas station everywhere. They have BP, PDV and Texco gas stations. All you have to do show them the grade of gas you want and point to the one you want and say full. Or you can try saying sin plomo to the attendants it means unleaded and say full por favor. Its easy to pay since you can see it on the pump and give the attendant the correct amount of bolivars. Renting a car is not essential, but it does make it easier. Budget ( www.budget.com.ve) and Hertz ( www.hertz.com) all have offices at the airports. National Holidays -Besides the patriotic holidays, like Independence Day (July 5th), the most popular holidays which most Venezuelans observe include: Christmas day, New Year's day, Carnival, and Holy week. Fixed Holidays: 1 January New Year's Day 19 April Mov. Precursor de la Independencia 1 May Labor Day 24 June Battle of Carabobo 5 July Firma Acta de Independencia 24 July Birth of the Libertador (Bolivar Day) 12 October Dia de la Raza/Columbus Day 25 December Christmas Day 31 December New Year's Eve (unofficial but general) Many businesses and commercial establishments close from the December 24 to January 1, inclusive. Moveable Holidays: Feast 2002 2003 2004 2005 Carnival Feb 11-12, March 3-4, Feb 23-24 Saints Week (Semana Santa) March 19-26 2005 Palm Sunday Mar 24, Apr 13, Apr 4 Holy Thursday Mar 28, Apr 17, Apr 8 Good Friday Mar 29, Apr 18, Apr 9 Easter Mar 31, Apr 20, Apr 11 Ascension (banks only) May 9, May 29, May 20 Carnival (Mardi Gras) is celebrated on Tuesdays. With the preceding Monday being granted a holiday, most Venezuelans vacate the city and head for the beach for this extra long weekend. As a predominately Catholic country, Venezuela observes Holy Week (between Palm Sunday and Easter). Many Venezuelans spend this week away at beaches and other popular destinations. Major Fiestas: The following fiestas are folkloric celebrations which can offer as much enjoyment to spectators as they do to those that participate in these colorful events. January 6, La Paradura del Niño (The Parade of Baby Jesus)- Andes states of Táchira, Mérida, and Trujillo. March Los Tambores de Barlovento (The Drums of Barlovento)- Barlovento, Miranda state at the beginning of the rainy season. May 3 La Cruz de Mayo (The cross of May) - provincial towns. Moveable Fiestas: Feast 2002 2003 2004 Corpus Christi Los Diablos de Yare -the main cities of the Federal District, Aragua state, Miranda state, and Cojedes state May 30, Jun 19, Jun 10. Venezuela cuisine - The food in Venezuela is generally easy and flavorful. Caracas claims to have a greater variety of restaurants than any other South American city, and it would certainly be a pleasure to try and prove it, even if you failed. Venezuelan cooking has European, indigenous, and African roots - a heterodox cuisine formed over the centuries by immigrants. Some native dishes: Pabellon - stewed and shredded meat accompanied by rice, black beans, and banana Hallaca - a traditional Christmas dish. Cachapa - a type of sweet corn pancake served with cheese. Arepas - a type of round cornmeal biscuit. Local products are very favorable. So that you can imagine it better (Dec 2006): Cheap lunch: 12,000 Bs. An arepa: 5,000 to 7,000 Bs. An Empanada (typical breakfast) : 1,500 Bs. A Coca Cola (from a street business): 2,000 Bs: A local beer (in the supermarket): 1,000 Bs. A Pizza Margarita (medium level restaurant): 16,000 Bs. A Pizza Hawaii (pizza home service): 20,000 Bs. A cocktail directly at the beach: 15,000 Bs. Entry in a discothèque: up to 20,000 Bs. Swimming trunks (on the market): approximately 40,000 - 90,000 Bs. Swimsuits (on the market): approximately 60,000 - 120,000 Bs. A McDonald's combo meal: 11,000 - 15,000 Bs. Mineral water per liter (on the market): 1,000 Bs. 91 octane gasoline per liter: 70 Bs. (265 Bs. per gallon) 95 octane gasoline per liter: 97 Bs. (367 Bs. per gallon) (yes, that cheap) Parking places per hour: 1,200 Bs. Contributors July 19, 2004 new by ahamb June 15, 2005 change by giorgio Currency The local currency is the Venezuelan Bolivar (VEB) ____________Economy Edit This Economy—overview: The petroleum sector dominates the economy accounting for 27% of GDP 78% of export earnings and more than half of government operating revenues. It is likely to become even more important as the state petroleum company plans to double its production over the next 10 years. Realizing the failure of interventionist policies the CALDERA administration embarked on a comprehensive economic reform program which included negotiation of a stand-by agreement with the IMF in 1996 elimination of price and exchange controls and revitalization of Venezuela's stalled privatization program. The influx of foreign capital and the currency depreciation that followed exchange liberalization led to 103% inflation in 1996 the highest in Venezuelan history. The government stepped in toward the end of 1996 propping up the Bolivar by using a stable nominal exchange rate as a restraint on inflation—which fell in 1997 to 99%. The macroeconomic adjustments bolstered by strong oil prices resulted in strong growth in 1897. However the East Asian financial crisis and the decline of international oil prices toward the end of 1997 brought pressure on the currency which Caracas was able to stave off. Caracas readjusted its exchange rate bands and began to allow quicker depreciation of the Bolivar; the government also tightened monetary policy. Concerned over potential revenue shortfalls from soft oil prices for the 1998 budget Caracas has implemented budget cuts to compensate for previously optimistic oil revenue estimates. The government also has pushed ahead with sale of the state-owned steel company and the strategic aluminum sector thereby reassuring domestic and international investors of Venezuela's commitment to reform. The monetary and fiscal measures have been well received by the international financial community. As a result financial analysts believe the economy will still grow at a healthy pace in 1998 though they have lowered their initial projections for GDP growth due to the soft oil market. GDP: purchasing power parity—$185 billion (1997 est.) GDP—real growth rate: 5% (1997) GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$8 300 (1997 est.) GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 4% industry: 63% services: 33% (1997 est.) Inflation rate—consumer price index: 38% (1997) Labor force: total: 9.2 million by occupation: services 64% industry 23% agriculture 13% (1997 est.) Unemployment rate: 11.5% (1997 est.) Budget: revenues: $11.99 billion expenditures: $11.48 billion including capital expenditures of $3 billion (1996 est.) Industries: petroleum iron ore mining construction materials food processing textiles steel aluminum motor vehicle assembly Industrial production growth rate: 0.5% (1995 est.) Electricity—capacity: 18.975 million kW (1995) Electricity—production: 74 billion kWh (1995) Electricity—consumption per capita: 3 508 kWh (1995) Agriculture—products: corn sorghum sugarcane rice bananas vegetables coffee; beef pork milk eggs; fish Exports: total value: $20.8 billion (f.o.b. 1996) commodities: petroleum 78% bauxite and aluminum steel chemicals agricultural products basic manufactures partners: US and Puerto Rico 55% Japan Netherlands Italy Imports: total value: $10.5 billion (f.o.b. 1996) commodities: raw materials machinery and equipment transport equipment construction materials partners: US 40% Germany Japan Netherlands Canada Debt—external: $26.5 billion (1996) Economic aid: recipient: ODA $46 million (1993) Currency: 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos Exchange rates: bolivares (Bs) per US$1—507.447 (January 1998) 488.635 (1997) 417.333 (1996) 176.843 (1995) 148.503 (1994) 90.826 (1993) Fiscal year: calendar year ____________People Edit This photo_1 Population: 22 803 409 (July 1998 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 34% (male 3 979 045; female 3 733 364) 15-64 years: 62% (male 7 054 525; female 7 011 814) 65 years and over: 4% (male 469 799; female 554 862) (July 1998 est.) Population growth rate: 1.77% (1998 est.) Birth rate: 22.96 births/1 000 population (1998 est.) Death rate: 4.98 deaths/1 000 population (1998 est.) Net migration rate: -0.27 migrant(s)/1 000 population (1998 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female (1998 est.) Infant mortality rate: 27.52 deaths/1 000 live births (1998 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.66 years male: 69.68 years female: 75.87 years (1998 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.7 children born/woman (1998 est.) Nationality: noun: Venezuelan(s) adjective: Venezuelan Ethnic groups: mestizo 67% white 21% black 10% Amerindian 2% Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 96% Protestant 2% Languages: Spanish (official) native dialects spoken by about 200 000 Amerindians in the remote interior Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 91.1% male: 91.8% female: 90.3% (1995 est.) ___________Beaches Edit This i This country has countless beaches of all kinds to offer for any type of traveller. With almost 3.000 Km of coasts where the visitors can find what they are looking for enjoying water-sports. Venezuela also has 72 islands and "cayos", many of them isolated. The bigger are Margarita, Coche, Los Roques, La Blanquilla where you can hotels and "posadas" Some of the best and easiest beaches to get to from Caracas are Bahia de Cata and Choroni. The road to Choroni goes through Parque Henri Pittier and is not to be missed (and not for the faint hearted). Everyone refers to the beach as Choroni, but it is actually the name of the quaint colonial village a few kilometers inland from the sea. The town on the sea is called Puerto Colombia and has many, many posadas (Bed & Breakfasts) available . ::::::::::Altos Mirandinos Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo Located in the state of Miranda, this area is formed by 2 cities and 5 towns. The cities are: Los Teques (Miranda state's capital) and San Antonio de los altos while San Diego, San José, San Pedro, El Jarillo and Carrizal remain as little and picturesque towns. They are called los altos beacuse both cities and the towns are located at more than 1000 meters or 3281 feet above the sea level. The weather is very nice during all the year with an average of 20 degrees c or 68 degrees f. The territory itself has lots of green mountains. ::::::Angel falls Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo One of the most breath- taking places to go on a vacation is the Angel Falls. Angel Falls is the world's highest waterfall ( 3,212 ft (979 m) . The Fall is nearly 15 times higher than Niagara Falls. To show you how high it is during the dry season the cascade evorpates into mist before it even hits the bottom.These falls take their name after an American pilot, Jimmy Angel who spotted the falls while searching for gold in 1937. Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: j mack ::::::::Barquisimeto Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo Barquisimeto was one of the oldest Spanish settlements and has grown into Venezuela's fourth largest city. The city exhales a mixture of colonial days and modern times. In 1812, an earthquake nearly removed the city from the map, but it was rebuilt again and some of the old colonial houses were saved. The city centre is quite fashionable with its plaza and statue of Bolivar. Must-sees are the ultramodern cathedral, the Palacio Municipal and the excellent Museo de Barquisimeto (located at Carrera 15) that exhibits a fine collection on the history of the Barquisimetos. This city is well-known in Venezuela for its impressive sunshines. The sky turns different colors, it is a lovely spectacle. :::::::::::Canaima Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Laguna di Canaima Laguna di Canaima Serena One of the most beautiful places in Venezuela is Canaima lagoon and its surroundings. The lagoon is fed by several small water falls: Hacha, Wadaima, Golondrina and Ucaima. On the back you can see 3 "tepuy", those flat top mountains, that distinguish this region, they are called Nonoy-Tepuy ("Zamuro" or Vulture), Kuravaina-Tepuy ("Venado" or Deer) and Topochi-Tepuy ("Cerbatana" or Blowpipe). Something really surprising is the color of the water and the sand. Due to the abundance of minerals, the water takes a red color and the sand has a beautiful light pink, because of the presence of quartz. ::::::::::::Chichiriviche Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see i_1 National park on the North West Coast of Venezuela, approximately about 400 kilometers from Caracas and 1 hour from Puerto Cabello and 1.5 hours from Valencia, International Airport. This small city located in the coast is a perfect place for an inexpensive vacation. Water quality is literally like a swimming pool of salt. Lots of scuba diving places and snorkeling. People are friendly and warm. Food is also a great plus to this unpretentious, down to earth, local and tipical town. Best resort is Coral suites hotel and lots of private homes for rent and sale in this town. With the different choices in keys or small islands, one can visit each of them, also Varadero beach is a georgeous beach, no service though but a rather quiet solitary amazing place to spend the day. I strongly recommend this place. Chichiriviche is located in Morrocoy National Park on the northwest coast of Venezuela, This place has a large number of small islands or keys like: Borracho, Pelón, Sal, Playuela y Peraza. Some of these keys are very small, so they are the perfect place to rest or to get a nice tan. :::::::::::Choroni Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo Placed in the Aragua State and very near from Caracas, this is one of the most popular places of the caraqueños to have fun and relax. To reach there you've got to travel through the National Park Henry Pittier which is considered one of the places with more bio-diversity in the world! Once you've land there, this old town will make you fall in love with it, because not only you'll find a great beach, but all the sorroundings. Near Choroni is Puerto Colombia, and in both towns you'll find enough places to stay. Be aware of going to the square or "Malecon" during the night, you'll find the best drum party you'll see ever! - Guarapita is the local drink and is a must, just make sure you try this, is made up passion fruit and "aguardiente" and for sure some local ingredient (secret). Forget about Tequila or Margaritas o Pina Colada, I tell ya, this drink will set your spirit free!!!!. ::::::::::: Ciudad guayana Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo On the banks of the Orinoco and Caroni rivers. This is the industrial area of Venezuela. There are Steel and Aluminum smelters here due to the Guri Dam Hydro Electric faclilty where more than 75% of the Country´s electricity is produced. There is also a large Iron Ore deposit close by and this is transformed into high grade iron ore pellets in local factories. The bulk of the areas production is exported. The state of Bolivar is also rich in bauxite, gold, diamonds and varios kinds of clays for brick production. :::::::::Colonia tovar Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see La Colonia Tovar La Colonia Tovar Some 60km west of Caracas you find the strange mountain town of Colonia Tovar. It was founded in 1843 by German settlers and since that time it was pretty much isolated from the rest of the world. Today, Colonia Tovar is a unique sight: a German town in the mountains of Venezuela. Its markets and arts & craft stores are famous and are worth a visit, but the main sight is the original architecture. ::::::::Coro Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo One of the oldest Venezuelan cities was founded in 1527 by Juan de Ampies. In the old colonial down town you can admire many historically interesting buildings, which made the UNESCO declare the city in 1993 a World Heritage Site. A feature that immediately catches the visitor's attention is the houses' colorful contrast. Deep indigos alongside with intense burgundy and ochre yellows give the town a picturesque tropical gaiety. You can enjoy Coro simply walking on the paved streets or under exuberant trees on the enchanting promenades. Coro's cathedral, a valuable architectural work from the XVI century, is well worth a visit. It was the first cathedral built in the country and the first diocesan see. This town has been since colonial days one of the most religious centers in the country. ::::::::::::Falcón Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Callo Sombreo island in Falcón state Callo Sombreo island in Falcón state Elio Zuloaga Falcón State in northern Venezuela has the most spectacular beaches of the country. It´s one of the most touristic states and it's only three hours from Caracas. ::::::::::La gran sabana Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo_1 Koenraad Jansen I have been to the Gran Sabana and climbed mount Roraima, the highest tabletop mountain in the world, which is next to the Gran sabana. Beware!! when travelling overland from Ciudad Bolivar to Roraima by the only road possible you will have to stop at an army/border police checkpoint just before you get to Santa Elena de Uairen. The soldiers here (as in more places in Venezuela) are corrupt, when you carry cash, which i did, they will take a part of it. I reported this to the local military 'governor' but the same pack of soldiers might still be working there. Climbing Roraima is an absolute must when in the area, choose the six day climb, climbing to 2800 metres fully packed isn't for the faint-hearted. But when you reach the 'top' which is a plateau of 75 square kilometres, you will be treated to a unique eco-system. This means that most plants and animals on this plateau are endemic (nowhere else to be found on this planet). Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was inspired by these tabletopmountains (there are more in the region) writing his books. Make sure you have at least a day and a half on top. Half a year before I went to this region (I was here in june.2005) tensions in this area arose. The indiginous indians (who will guide you to their mountains) attacked the military post (same one I mentioned before), captured the officer and laid him in the sun, tied down, for a whole day covered in honey, so the insects could have their way with him. Two indians where killed in this uprise. Therefore before you go to this region check if tensions arose again. Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: Koenraad Jansen :::::::::::Las Aves islands Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo Koenraad Jansen The Las Aves islands are a group of small islands off the Venezuelan North coast. Reaching it is the hard part. I worked on a sailingship which passed through the islands, since there is no airstrip on the islands you have to get here by boat. It is possible to take a divetrip from Bonaire (dutch Antilles) to the islands, takes about four hours by boat from Bonaire. Diving is the most spectacular thing there is to do on the islands, since the islands are rough and only a few palmtrees cover them. The only inhabitants besides thousands of birds are the venezuelan coast guard, if you are friendly to them they let you play basketball on their private court. The sea around the islands is one big pristine spectacular reef. In 1678 the French admiral D'Estrees was sent from Trinidad along with a fleet to capture the Dutch Antilles. The Dutch who were told of this by their spies knew that they would be outnumbered. So they decided to lure the French to Las Aves which is known for it's treacherous reefs. They did this by lighting a few spots on the islands so the French would mistake Las Aves for Bonaire. The French went right in an wrecked their whole fleet. As a result there are still 6 French ships scattered along the reefs. For detailed information see 'Dreamwrecks of the ABC islands' by Dominique Serafini. Since no people live on these islands the coral reefs are oppulent! Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: Koenraad Jansen ::::::::::Los Roques Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo Los Roques is an archipelago of Venezuela, located in the Caribbean, at 168 Km (100 miles) north of La Guaira, Caracas´ port. For its beauty and ecological importance it was declared national park in 1972.To reach Los Roques, if you don't have your own yacht (or a friend with one), you can take commercial flights from Caracas (for about $550), Porlamar (Margarita) or Maracaibo. The arrival from the air is spectacular, thanks to the variety of blues than you can see You will arrive in the island of Gran Roque from where you can take a catamaran or a fisher boat to reach other islands, like Francisquí o Crasquí. _________Sights Edit This The beach of Gran Roques is one wonderful place to enjoy the sunset, and the night life is full of real romance. In Gran Roque you will find all the Posadas (lodges) for more information about Los Roques __________Gran Roque Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see The beach of Gran Roques is one wonderful place to enjoy the sunset, and the night life is full of real romance. In Gran Roque you will find all the Posadas (lodges) for more information about Los Roques ::::::::::Margarita island Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Sunrise El Tirano beach Sunrise El Tirano beach Manuel E. Silva The Isla Margarita is a very popular beach resort. It has many hotels and duty-free shopping centers. The capital of the island La Asuncion is a sleepy colonial town complete with narrow cobblestone streets a 17th-century cathedral and a Spanish fortress (El Castillo de Santa Rosa). It is a daytrip every beach bum makes more than once during their visit. Among the natural attractions of the island are its beaches, mangrove swamps, lagoons. The best beach is found at El Agua on the east coast. The north has some of the island’s most spectacular scenery. Food is very inexpensive here. It seems as if it just gotten more expensive to live in the States. A family of 5 can more than live off of a week of groceries here for about $74.00 roughly. _______Getting There Edit This i Melissa McVey Right now you can travel by plane from any state of course the further you are away from Miami the more expensive will be. For now you have to take a connecting flight to Margarita once your in Caracas. But Santa Barbara has plans this year to make direct flights from Miami straight to Margarita. From Caracas it is cheaper if you buy the ticket at the airport. The flight costs about $56 and it is cheaper to book once you are there. Because there are 3 airlines that make the trip to Margarita everyday, it's virtually impossible to use a ticket booked on one airline with another. Once you arrive & clear customs in Caracas, depart the terminal & turn left. It's a good little walk outdoors to the domestic terminal, but if you have wheels on your luggage, you really don't need a porter. Once you get there, there are multiple touts who will help you get in the proper line of the airline with the next flight leaving for Margarita. You can give them a small tip for helping you. There is a departure tax of 14,000 Bolivars leaving from Caracas & 10,000 Bolivars leaving from Porlamar. It's about 87,000 leaving internationally but unless you're on a charter this latter is usually included in the price of your ticket. It makes good sense to understand exactly what you have, and to change sufficient money ONLY to pay these taxes & ticket prices in Bolivar's if you can exchange money at an inflated rate. It is relatively easy to do. Steer clear of 50,000Bs notes, old warn bills,& anything w/o the telltale "thread" just to be safe. The currency exchange rate is 2150 Bolivar's to $ 1.00 US. ____________Things to do Edit This What to do when here? Scuba Diving!here is company that is on the island and offeres scuba diving tours in Los Roques http://www.ecobuzos.com/english/index.htm Hiking, tons of Beaches, wind surfing, La Restinga National Lagoon park with a boat tour, Parque El Agua water Park, Jeep Tours, Island Tours, Horseback Riding, Coche Island Snorkeling, Air Tours to Angel Falls and more. This may not be the cheapest vacation but imagine yourself on a island for a week and without it costing an arm and a leg! ___________Beaches Edit This Pampatars main beach Pampatars main beach Melissa McVey [Add Beach] La caracola Edit This Located nearby Porlamar. You can find several beach clubs and restaurants, where you will be able to eat and enjoy your day with the whole family. A good option if you are staying in Porlamar and don't want to go far away. World66 rating: [rate it] address: Porlamar city Playa Parguito Edit This Nowadays one of the fashion beaches. Smaller than Playa El Agua, nice waves, it is the surfer's choice. Very good restaurants and kiosks with unsalted water showers. World66 rating: [rate it] address: Margarita northeast Playa El Yaque Edit This El Yaque Beach El Yaque Beach photo by: Thomas De Raedt Certainly the world best beach to practice water sports like kitesurf and windsurf due to its perfect wind conditions during the whole year. It is also one of the main international tourists destinations in Margarita Island. White sand, warm and calmed waters besides strong sea winds are the main features of this idyllic place. The best daylight beach parties during the high seasons that you won't want to miss. World66 rating: [rate it] email: alel22@hotmail.com Playa El Agua Edit This Playa el Agua - margarita's most visited beach Playa el Agua - margarita's most visited beach photo by: Joshua J. Without a doubt, it is the most famous beach on Margarita Island. Plenty of palm trees give shelter to the numerous restaurants that offer their service directly chairs located in the fine sand. Most of the restaurants offer showers and toilets as well as a long list of tempting dishes, local ones as well as international ones. A cool and shady boulevard runs along the beach. Located at the beginning of the boulevard is a small picturesque free market where you can buy beach towels, sun glasses, sandals, beach wear, tanning lotion and much more at reasonable prices. This more.. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] Pámpatar Edit This Pampatars main beach Pampatars main beach photo by: Melissa McVey This bay is dominated by the Castle of Pámpatar shared between fishermen and swimmers. Calm waters with no waves. Ideal for a quick bath or with small children. World66 rating: [rate it] address: Margarita east El Tirano Edit This A relatively small beach, but very pleasant and not so crowded. The best part is used by the guests of the Barceló Pueblo Caribe hotel. World66 rating: [rate it] address: Margarita northeast _______Juan Griego Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see x Juan Griego's sunshine... This is a small but very famous town for only one thing: Its terrific sunshine! There's no better place to watch the sun falling down. Juan Griego is placed in a small bay with an old and tiny spanish fort. It'll be one of you're favorite places for sure. _________Pampatar Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo Pampatar is a quaint and quite beautiful town, was founded in the 1530s and named after a Guaqueri Indian word meaning “town of salt”. Indeed, a salt flat mine is close by to this day. There is a lot of mystery and beauty to explore in this charming town, especially in the fine old colonial buildings. Spaniards settled here because of its strategic location, a deep water-calm port and wealth produced by the existence of a natural salt flat mine. Yachts, ships, and wooden boats are anchored in the quiet bay giving a picturesque contrast. Location: 10 Km east from Porlamar. ::::::::San Cristobal Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see i San Cristóbal, the capital of the state of Táchira, was founded by Juan de Maldonado in 1561. From its inception, the city evolved rapidly as one of the most progressive and important centers of commerce in the country. As throughout the Andean states, the people of Táchira are characterized as hardworking, cordial, conservative, and devoted to their historical, religious, and folkloric traditions. The primary industries here are centered around agriculture, mainly the production of coffee, sugar, and legumes. Other important industrial sectors which have helped fuel the economic engines of the region include meat production (cattle), agriculture, and manufacturing industries like shoes, baskets, and ceramics. A fact that perhaps is not widely known is that it was in Táchira, and not in Zulia, that the first oil wells were excavated in 1875-- a procedure done in those days by hand and with buckets. San Cristobal is home to an international fair known as La Feria Internacional de San Sebastian. This international event brings bull fighters from around the world to show their prowless against beautiful trained bulls. The entire city celebrates San Sebastian's Fair with dancing on the streets, crafts, food festivals, and a highly contested beauty pageant. This event takes place in January each year. |
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GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela Cronologia/Autori: http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=history VenezuelaDa Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
Il Venezuela è una nazione (916.445 km², 24.287.000 abitanti, capitale Caracas) dell'America meridionale. Confina a
Il Venezuela è una repubblica federale presidenziale. La lingua ufficiale è quella spagnola.
[modifica] Storia
[modifica] La scoperta degli occidentaliIl territorio di questo paese fu scoperto da Cristoforo Colombo nel suo terzo viaggio (1498), che arrivò al golfo di Paria e al delta dell'Orinoco. La spedizione di Alonso de Ojeda, Amerigo Vespucci e Juan de la Cosa (1499), che le diede il nome di piccola Venezia, esplorò il litorale settentrionale, scoprendo il lago di Maracaibo. Il primo insediamento spagnolo fu Nueva Cadiz (1522). L'esplorazione dell'interno si svolse per merito dei banchieri di Augusta, i Welser, a cui Carlo V affidò l'amministrazione del paese (1528-46). Ai Welser succedette il governatore Juan de Tolosa (1546), che pose la capitale a Tocuyo, moderò gli eccessi dei conquistatori e instaurò il regime delle encomiendas. Nel 1657
fu fondata
Caracas; nel
1731 si creò la capitaneria generale del Venezuela e nel suo
territorio vennero incorporate progressivamente nuove regioni.
[modifica] IndipendenzaDurante il periodo napoleonico, il dominio spagnolo nel paese entrò in crisi, nel 1810 venne dichiarata l'autonomia, che nel corso del 1811, si trasformò in indipendenza: alla fine dell'anno il primo Congresso Nazionale approvava la Costituzione, sul modello americano. La controffensiva spagnola fu bloccata da Simon Bolivar, proclamato nel 1813 "el Libertador", che vinse la battaglia decisiva a Carabobo (1821). Con la successiva vittoria a Ayacucho (1824), occupò l'Ecuador e parte del Perù, ponendo fine al dominio spagnolo nell'America meridionale. Il tentativo di Bolivar di unire tutti gli stati in una grande federazione fallì di fronte ai movimenti separatisti, quello venezuelano era capeggiato da Josè Antonio Paez, che nel 1829 proclamò l'indipendenza del Venezuela, divenendo capo del paese.
[modifica] Primi governi indipendentiSi delinearono due partiti, uno governativo e conservatore, l'altro
liberale e di opposizione, ma il loro scontro politico venne spesso
interrotto dall'intervento dei militari, come
José Tadeo Monagas e
José Gregorio Monagas, che riformarono la costituzione in senso
federale (1857). Altra dittatura fu quella del generale Cipriano Castro (1899-1908) e anche il suo successore, Juan Vicente Gómez, governò con metodi autoritari. Riuscì a mantenere il paese fuori dalla prima guerra mondiale, lo fece aderire alla Società delle Nazioni (1920) e risolse le questioni di confine con Colombia e Brasile. Nel 1936 una rivolta degli Indi e nel 1937 il colpo di stato del presidente Eleazar López Contreras, che sciolse tutti i partiti, agitarono nuovamente la vita politica e sociale del paese.
[modifica] Seconda guerra mondialeLa seconda guerra mondiale colpì duramente le esportazioni petrolifere nazionali, provocando una crisi monetaria; nel 1941 il Venezuela dichiarava guerra alle potenze dell'Asse. Nonostante alcune riforme di avanzato liberalismo, nel 1945 salì al potere il socialista Romulo Betancourt, mentre le elezioni della costituente dell'anno seguente, davano la maggioranza assoluta al partito di Azione Democratica. Nel 1948 un colpo di stato dei conservatori, alleatisi con i militari, portava al potere una giunta militare presieduta dal colonnello Carlos Delgado, che sciolse il Parlamento e instaurò un governo autoritario. Il 13 novembre del 1950, Carlos Delgado fu assassinato e dopo due anni di un triumvirato formato da Germán Suárez Flamerich, Luis Felipe Llovera Páez e Marcos Pérez Jiménez, quest'ultimo rimase al potere. Nel 1958 una rivoluzione poneva fine alla dittatura e riportava al potere Betancourt; un riformismo progressivo, il controllo dei giacimenti petroliferi, la difesa dei principi democratici e una parziale riforma agraria, non furono sufficienti alla sua rielezione, attaccato dalla destra e dalle forze di sinistra castriste e comuniste. Le elezioni del
1963, diedero
la presidenza a
Raoul Leoni, candidato dell'Azione Democratica.
[modifica] Gli anni recentiNel 1988 viene rieletto alla presidenza Carlos Andrés Pérez. Rivolte a Caracas per l'aumento del prezzo della benzina che provoca una drammatica scarsità di generi alimentari causano 1.500 morti. Nel 1992 il colonello Chávez comanda la ribellione militare chiamata "Operación Ezequiel Zamora" che però non viene coronata dal successo, Hugo Chávez rimarrà in carcere fino al 1994 quando viene liberato e fonda il partito Movimiento Quinta República (MVR). Nel 1993 Pérez viene destituito per corruzione, viene rieletto Caldera, seguito nel 1998 dallo stesso Hugo Chávez. Nel 1999 viene riscritta e approvata la Costituzione, convalidata successivamente da un referendum popolare; in dicembre il Venezuela viene sconvolto da frane e alluvioni con migliaia di morti. Data fondamentale nella storia del Venezuela è l'11 aprile 2002. Un colpo di stato depone Chàvez. Dopo appena due giorni, grazie ad una sollevazione popolare, il presidente riprende il potere. La campagna di radicali riforme d'ispirazione socialista che segue, e che ancora oggi è in pieno svolgimento, prende il nome di Rivoluzione bolivariana.
[modifica] Geografia
[modifica] Geografia fisicaIl territorio si estende dall'equatore
fino a circa il 10° parallelo nord. Le coste sono basse, escluse quelle della fascia centrale, dove le
montagne giungono a picco sul mare. Sono incise profondamente dal
Golfo del Venezuela, in fondo al quale si apre il lago
Maracaibo, il più grande dell'America
meridionale. Le sue acque dolci non si mescolano con quelle del mare,
in quanto lo stretto passaggio che li collega, è profondo solo tre metri.
[modifica] MorfologiaIl paesaggio del Venezuela è vario e discontinuo, risultando costituito
da sezioni caratterizzate da un diverso sviluppo delle vicende geologiche.
[modifica] Regione andinaLe Ande
locali costituiscono l'appendice nord-orientale del sistema montuoso, qui
si assottiglia e si smembra in diverse catene minori. I due principali allineamenti montuosi sono la
Sierra di Perijá, lungo il confine
colombiano, e la
Cordigliera di Mérida che si estende in direzione sudovest-nordest,
per poi proseguire verso oriente con il nome di
Cordigliera della Costa. Tra la Sierra di Perijá e la Cordigliera di
Mérida, si apre una depressione vasta 70.000 km² e in gran parte sommersa
dalle acque del lago di
Maracaibo, che è il residuo di un vasto
golfo
marino, parzialmente colmato dal materiale alluvionale dei fiumi delle
alture circostanti.
[modifica] PianureLa regione dei llanos è ampia 300.000 km² (35% del territorio
nazionale); questo bassopiano, piatto e monotono, corrisponde
strutturalmente a una subsidenza tettonica instauratasi la l'orogenesi
andina e il massiccio della Guayana.
[modifica] PenepianoAl di là del corso dell'Orinoco,
c'è la regione del penepiano, profondamente incisa dagli affluenti di
destra del fiume. È alto in media 600-700 m, composto da rocce cristalline
e sedimentarie, spesso profondamente metamorfosate, che risalgono in gran
parte al
Precambriano; nel tratto a sud è parzialmente ricoperto da formazioni
sedimentarie e da intrusioni cristalline mesozoiche. Le coste sono basse e paludose ad occidente, tra le penisole di Guajira e Paraguaná, mentre a oriente si fanno sempre più rettilinee ed elevate, per l'allungarsi della Cordigliera della Costa parallelamente alla linea di costa. In seguito al movimento di immersione verificatosi nel Pliocene, pieghe marginali della cordigliera hanno dato origine alla doppia penisola di Araya e di Paria e a formazioni insulari, tra cui l'isola Margarita.
[modifica] IdrografiaLa gran parte del territorio tributa nell'Oceano
Atlantico tramite l'Orinoco
(2.140 km, bacino di 948.000 km²), che è il terzo fiume dell'America
meridionale; nasce presso il confine con il
Brasile,
attraversa interamente il Venezuela formando un vasto arco a causa della
presenza del Massiccio della Guayana; assai ricco d'acqua, anche per il
numero elevato di affluenti, e interrotto nel suo alto corso da rapide e
cascate, che ne impediscono la navigazione.
[modifica] Laghi(Nota: questa lista potrebbe non essere completa)
[modifica] IsoleAves, Blanquilla, De Patos, La Orchila, La Sola, La Tortuga, Las Aves, Los Frailes, Los Hermanos, Los Monjes, Los Roques, Los Testigos, Margarita
[modifica] ClimaData la posizione del paese, il paese presenta un clima equatoriale; le temperature sono relativamente uniformi, almeno nelle zone più basse, con deboli escursioni termiche annue. Variazione notevoli si hanno in corrispondenza alle aree più elevate, come a Caracas (1.000 m) o Mérida (1.600 m). Le precipitazioni rientrano nelle caratteristiche del clima equatoriale solo per l'area meridionale guyanense (2.000-2.500 mm annui, equamente distribuite in tutti i periodi dell'anno); i llanos hanno un clima tropicale a due stagioni, piovosa quella estiva, asciutta quella invernale, con piogge complessivamente meno abbondanti (1.000 mm annui). Valori e caratteristiche simili a quelle dell'area guyanense si hanno nelle zone costiere.
[modifica] Temperatura e precipitazioni
[modifica] Geografia umanaLe prime popolazioni del Venezuela furono: Arauachi, indios del llanos, Caribi, ma non raggiunsero notevoli livelli di civiltà e non ebbero la capacità di creare un apparato statale; furono così facilmente colonizzati dai nuovi arrivati spagnoli.
[modifica] PopolazioneDensità: 27 per km²
[modifica] EtnieMeticci 69%, bianchi 20%, neri 9%, amerindi 2%.
[modifica] ReligioneCattolici 95% protestanti 2%, animisti 2%.
[modifica] Geografia politicaIl Venezuela è diviso in 23 stati, più il Distretto della capitale (Distrito Capital) e le 11 dipendenze federali (Dependencias Federales) costituite da un'insieme di isole ed isolotti al largo della costa caraibica venezuelana e per lo più disabitati. Le isole raggruppate nelle dipendenze sono 72.
[modifica] Geografia economicaProdotto Nazionale Lordo: 3.480 US$ pro capite (40° posto della
classifica mondiale). Punti di forza: possiede i maggiori depositi petroliferi noti al di fuori di Russia e Medio Oriente. Massicce riserve di carbone, bauxite, ferro e oro. Lo sviluppo di un nuovo combustibile estratto dal bitume ha attratto capitali stranieri, che hanno portato benefici anche a banche, telecomunicazioni e acciaierie. Mercato del lavoro flessibile. Punti di debolezza: notevole burocrazia statale. Servizi pubblici non adeguati. Il rinnovamento delle infrastrutture è in forte ritardo. Forte evasione fiscale e valuta debole.
[modifica] RisorseProduzione di energia elettrica: 20.000.000 kw.
[modifica] AgricolturaLa produzione vegetale del Venezuela è data da: caffè, cacao, tabacco, canna da zucchero, cotone, vaniglia.
[modifica] AllevamentoL'allevamento è in forte progresso nei llanos.
[modifica] Pesca
[modifica] Risorse minerarieÈ la parte più importante dell'economia nazionale, soprattutto con l'estrazione del petrolio. La dipendenza dal petrolio dell'economia venezuelana è sempre stata notevole: il 75% delle entrate dello Stato proviene da lì, anche se il settore impiega soltanto il 3% della popolazione, infatti è scarsa la popolazione che trae vantaggi da questa ricchezza.
[modifica] IndustriaPresenti industrie alimentari, calzaturifici e tessili.
[modifica] TrasportiRete stradale: 29.954 km.
[modifica] Turismo1 visitatore ogni 29 abitanti.
[modifica] EsportazioniUSA 51%, Colombia 6%, Suriname 5%, Brasile 4%, Repubblica Dominicana 3%, altri 31%.
[modifica] ImportazioniUSA 45%, Colombia 6%, Brasile 5%, Messico 5%, Giappone 4%, altri 35%.
[modifica] Cultura
[modifica] AlfabetizzazioneTasso di alfabetizzazione: 92%.
[modifica] IstruzioneObbligo scolastico fino a 15 anni.
[modifica] SanitàSistema sanitario pubblico.
[modifica] AmbienteIl 36,0% del territorio è protetto. Partecipe alla convenzioni ambientali di:
[modifica] FloraLe differenti condizioni climatiche e morfologiche giustificano
l'esistenza di paesaggi contrastanti. La maggior parte dei llanos è formata da una continua distesa erbosa con radi alberi che si infittiscono lungo il corso dei fiumi; dove la precipitazione scende sotto gli 800 mm annui, la vegetazione diventa xerofila: in talune zone assume aspetti stepposi o di predeserto. Caratterizzate da una vegetazione xerofila sono anche le aree vicino ai litorali marini, dove spesso compare la foresta secca e rada, con grandi cactus a candelabro. Nell'area andina la successione delle fasce altitudinali determina una sovrapposizione di ambienti diversi; fino a 1.500 m si stende la foresta umida, con abbondanza di epifite, diradandosi progressivamente fino a 3.000 m (limite della vegetazione arborea); l'ambiente diviene steppico, con formazioni arbustive come il senecio: questa è la fascia del páramos, che giunge fin quasi a 5.000 m, dove cominciano le nevi perenni.
[modifica] PoliticaIl potere legislativo spetta all'Assemblea Legislativa (165 membri); il potere esecutivo è esercitato dal presidente della repubblica (eletto per 6 anni), con l'ausilio dei ministri da lui nominati.
[modifica] Voci correlate
[modifica] Collegamenti esterni
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